AP Computer Science A Textbook

1. Primitive Types

2. Using Objects

3. Boolean Expressions and if Statements

4. Iteration

5. Writing Classes

5.1 Anatomy of a Class

5.2 Constructors

5.3 Documentation with Comments

5.4 Accessor Methods

5.5 Mutator Methods

5.6 Writing Methods

5.7 Static Variables and Methods

Static Variables and Static Methods

Skating and Coding

Using Static Methods and Variables

Static SuperHero

Static Variables: Circle

Check Your Understanding

Exercise: How Many Players in the Game?

5.8 Scope and Access

5.9 this Keyword

5.10 Ethical and Social Implications of Computing Systems

6. Arrays

7. ArrayLists

8. 2D Arrays

9. Inheritance

10. Recursion

Chapter 5

Writing Classes

5.7 Static Variables and Methods

Recall that an object is an instance of a class. The class is like the blueprint from which instances can be built. Each instance can have its own state and behavior. An object’s state is stored in instance variables, and its behavior is carried out with instance methods. These are called instance variables and instance methods because they belong to a single instance of the class. But what if you wanted to keep track of a single variable or have a shared behavior across all the members of a class? Because each object has its own instance variables and methods, these won’t work to store information for the entire class.

Static Variables and Static Methods

Sometimes it is useful to store information that is shared across all the objects of an entire class. A class variable (also referred to as a static variable) is a variable or attribute of a class that is common to all instances of a class. A class method (or static method) is a method of a class that is common to all instances of a class and is not called on any specific object instance.

A new static variable defined by adding the keyword static to the variable declaration. Static variables can be either public or private.

Likewise, static methods also use the keyword static. Classes can have both instance variables and static variables, but static methods can only update static variables. As a result, static methods cannot use the this reference and are unable to use non-static variables or methods.

A method to return the total number of birds of the Bird class may look like:

private static int getTotalBirds()
{
  return totalBirds;
}

Skating and Coding

For example, if you run your own indoor skate park, you may want to keep track of the skaters at the park. In order to use the park, a new skater would sign up and a new instance of the Skater class would be created. What information would be useful to track about each skater? You may want to know a skater’s name, age, experience level, and a history of times he or she arrived at and left the park. These are all unique to each skater and could be stored as instance variables.

It would also be useful to know how many skaters have ever skated at the park. This is a useful stat to know, but it is affected by all the skaters, not just one. Because this information is shared across the whole class, it can be stored in a class variable. The Skater class could be defined to include these:

public class Skater
{
  private static int totalSkaters = 0;

  public Skater()
  {
    totalSkaters++;
  }

  public static int getTotalSkaters()
  {
    return totalSkaters;
  }
}

Whenever a new skater is added, the static variable totalSkaters is increased. The totalSkaters variable is shared across all instances of the Skater class. Each object in the class has the same value for this variable, and you can get the value of this variable with the static getTotalSkaters method.

Using Static Methods and Variables

Because static methods and variables are available across an entire class, they don’t need to be called on a particular instance of the class. You do not need to create a new object just to call a class method.

To find out how many skaters have been to the skate park, you can write:

Skater.getTotalSkaters();

This will call the getTotalSkaters() method on the Skater class without requiring an instance of the class to be created.

If a static variable were to be declared as public, you could also access it using the dot notation, such as:

Skater.totalSkaters; // Only works if variable is public

Static SuperHero

Static Variables: Circle

Check Your Understanding

Incorrect Correct No Answer was selected Invalid Answer
Static methods can access
1. Correct Answer
  
  Incorrect Answer
  
  Any class method, but not the instance variables
2. Correct Answer
  
  Incorrect Answer
  
  Only other static instance variables and class methods
3. Correct Answer
  
  Incorrect Answer
  
  All instance variables and class methods
4. Correct Answer
  
  Incorrect Answer
  
  Only private instance variables and private class methods