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Standards Mapping

for AP Computer Science A

312

Standards in this Framework

312

Standards Mapped

100%

Mapped to Course

Standard Lessons
MOD-1.A
Call System class methods to generate output to the console.
  1. 1.1 Why Programming? Why Java?
MOD-1.A.1
System.out.print and System.out.println display information on the computer monitor.
  1. 1.1 Why Programming? Why Java?
MOD-1.A.2
System.out.println moves the cursor to a new line after the information has been displayed, while System.out.print does not.
  1. 1.1 Why Programming? Why Java?
VAR-1.A
Create string literals.
  1. 1.1 Why Programming? Why Java?
VAR-1.A.1
A string literal is enclosed in double quotes.
  1. 1.1 Why Programming? Why Java?
VAR-1.B
Identify the most appropriate data type category for a particular specification.
  1. 1.2 Variables and Data Types
VAR-1.B.1
A type is a set of values (a domain) and a set of operations on them.
  1. 1.2 Variables and Data Types
VAR-1.B.2
Data types can be categorized as either primitive or reference.
  1. 1.2 Variables and Data Types
VAR-1.B.3
The primitive data types used in this course define the set of operations for numbers and Boolean values.
  1. 1.2 Variables and Data Types
VAR-1.C
Declare variables of the correct types to represent primitive data.
  1. 1.2 Variables and Data Types
VAR-1.C.1
The three primitive data types used in this course are int, double, and boolean.
  1. 1.2 Variables and Data Types
VAR-1.C.2
Each variable has associated memory that is used to hold its value.
  1. 1.2 Variables and Data Types
VAR-1.C.3
The memory associated with a variable of a primitive type holds an actual primitive value.
  1. 1.2 Variables and Data Types
VAR-1.C.4
When a variable is declared final, its value cannot be changed once it is initialized.
  1. 1.2 Variables and Data Types
CON-1.A
Evaluate arithmetic expressions in a program code.
  1. 1.3 Expressions and Assignment Statements
CON-1.A.1
A literal is the source code representation of a fixed value.
  1. 1.3 Expressions and Assignment Statements
CON-1.A.2
Arithmetic expressions include expressions of type int and double.
  1. 1.3 Expressions and Assignment Statements
CON-1.A.3
The arithmetic operators consist of +, -, *, /, and %.
  1. 1.3 Expressions and Assignment Statements
CON-1.A.4
An arithmetic operation that uses two int values will evaluate to an int value.
  1. 1.3 Expressions and Assignment Statements
CON-1.A.5
An arithmetic operation that uses a double value will evaluate to a double value.
  1. 1.3 Expressions and Assignment Statements
CON-1.A.6
Operators can be used to construct compound expressions.
  1. 1.3 Expressions and Assignment Statements
CON-1.A.7
During evaluation, operands are associated with operators according to operator precedence to determine how they are grouped.
  1. 1.3 Expressions and Assignment Statements
CON-1.A.8
An attempt to divide an integer by zero will result in an ArithmeticException to occur.
  1. 1.3 Expressions and Assignment Statements
CON-1.B
Evaluate what is stored in a variable as a result of an expression with an assignment statement.
  1. 1.3 Expressions and Assignment Statements
  2. 1.4 Compound Assignment Operators
CON-1.B.1
The assignment operator (=) allows a program to initialize or change the value stored in a variable. The value of the expression on the right is stored in the variable on the left.
  1. 1.3 Expressions and Assignment Statements
CON-1.B.2
During execution, expressions are evaluated to produce a single value.
  1. 1.3 Expressions and Assignment Statements
CON-1.B.3
The value of an expression has a type based on the evaluation of the expression.
  1. 1.3 Expressions and Assignment Statements
CON-1.B.4
Compound assignment operators (+=, -=, *=, /=, %=) can be used in place of the assignment operator.
  1. 1.4 Compound Assignment Operators
CON-1.B.5
The increment operator (++) and decrement operator (--) are used to add 1 or subtract 1 from the stored value of a variable or an array element. The new value is assigned to the variable or array element.
  1. 1.4 Compound Assignment Operators
CON-1.C
Evaluate arithmetic expressions that use casting.
  1. 1.6 Casting and Ranges of Variables
CON-1.C.1
The casting operators (int) and (double)can be used to create a temporary value converted to a different data type.
  1. 1.6 Casting and Ranges of Variables
CON-1.C.2
Casting a double value to an int causes the digits to the right of the decimal point to be truncated.
  1. 1.6 Casting and Ranges of Variables
CON-1.C.3
Some programming code causes int values to be automatically cast (widened) to double values.
  1. 1.6 Casting and Ranges of Variables
CON-1.C.4
Values of type double can be rounded to the nearest integer by (int)(x + 0.5) or (int)(x – 0.5) for negative numbers.
  1. 1.6 Casting and Ranges of Variables
CON-1.C.5
Integer values in Java are represented by values of type int, which are stored using a finite amount (4 bytes) of memory. Therefore, an int value must be in the range from Integer.MIN_VALUE to Integer.MAX_VALUE inclusive.
  1. 1.6 Casting and Ranges of Variables
CON-1.C.6
If an expression would evaluate to an int value outside of the allowed range, an integer overflow occurs. This could result in an incorrect value within the allowed range.
  1. 1.6 Casting and Ranges of Variables
MOD-1.B
Explain the relationship between a class and an object.
  1. 2.1 Objects: Instances of Classes
MOD-1.B.1
An object is a specific instance of a class with defined attributes.
  1. 2.1 Objects: Instances of Classes
MOD-1.B.2
A class is the formal implementation, or blueprint, of the attributes and behaviors of an object.
  1. 2.1 Objects: Instances of Classes
MOD-1.C
Identify, using its signature, the correct constructor being called.
  1. 2.2 Creating and Storing Objects (Instantiation)
  2. 2.3 Overloading
MOD-1.C.1
A signature consists of the constructor name and the parameter list.
  1. 2.2 Creating and Storing Objects (Instantiation)
  2. 2.3 Overloading
MOD-1.C.2
The parameter list, in the header of a constructor, lists the types of the values that are passed and their variable names. These are often referred to as formal parameters.
  1. 2.2 Creating and Storing Objects (Instantiation)
MOD-1.C.3
A parameter is a value that is passed into a constructor. These are often referred to as actual parameters.
  1. 2.2 Creating and Storing Objects (Instantiation)
MOD-1.C.4
Constructors are said to be overloaded when there are multiple constructors with the same name but a different signature.
  1. 2.2 Creating and Storing Objects (Instantiation)
  2. 2.3 Overloading
MOD-1.C.5
The actual parameters passed to a constructor must be compatible with the types identified in the formal parameter list.
  1. 2.2 Creating and Storing Objects (Instantiation)
  2. 2.3 Overloading
MOD-1.C.6
Parameters are passed using call by value. Call by value initializes the formal parameters with copies of the actual parameters.
  1. 2.2 Creating and Storing Objects (Instantiation)
MOD-1.D
For creating objects - a. Create objects by calling constructors without parameters b. Create objects by calling constructors with parameters
  1. 2.2 Creating and Storing Objects (Instantiation)
  2. 2.3 Overloading
MOD-1.D.1
Every object is created using the keyword new followed by a call to one of the class’s constructors.
  1. 2.2 Creating and Storing Objects (Instantiation)
  2. 2.3 Overloading
MOD-1.D.2
A class contains constructors that are invoked to create objects. They have the same name as the class.
  1. 2.2 Creating and Storing Objects (Instantiation)
MOD-1.D.3
Existing classes and class libraries can be utilized as appropriate to create objects.
  1. 2.2 Creating and Storing Objects (Instantiation)
MOD-1.D.4
Parameters allow values to be passed to the constructor to establish the initial state of the object.
  1. 2.2 Creating and Storing Objects (Instantiation)
  2. 2.3 Overloading
VAR-1.D
Define variables of the correct types to represent reference data.
  1. 2.2 Creating and Storing Objects (Instantiation)
VAR-1.D.1
The keyword null is a special value used to indicate that a reference is not associated with any object.
  1. 2.2 Creating and Storing Objects (Instantiation)
VAR-1.D.2
The memory associated with a variable of a reference type holds an object reference value or, if there is no object, null. This value is the memory address of the referenced object.
  1. 2.2 Creating and Storing Objects (Instantiation)
MOD-1.E
Call non-static void methods without parameters.
  1. 2.4 Calling a Void Method
MOD-1.E.1
An object’s behavior refers to what the object can do (or what can be done to it) and is defined by methods.
  1. 2.4 Calling a Void Method
MOD-1.E.2
Procedural abstraction allows a programmer to use a method by knowing what the method does even if they do not know how the method was written.
  1. 2.4 Calling a Void Method
MOD-1.E.3
A method signature for a method without parameters consists of the method name and an empty parameter list.
  1. 2.4 Calling a Void Method
MOD-1.E.4
A method or constructor call interrupts the sequential execution of statements, causing the program to first execute the statements in the method or constructor before continuing. Once the last statement in the method or constructor has executed or a return statement is executed, flow of control is returned to the point immediately following where the method or constructor was called.
  1. 2.4 Calling a Void Method
MOD-1.E.5
Non-static methods are called through objects of the class.
  1. 2.4 Calling a Void Method
MOD-1.E.6
The dot operator is used along with the object name to call non-static methods.
  1. 2.4 Calling a Void Method
MOD-1.E.7
Void methods do not have return values and are therefore not called as part of an expression.
  1. 2.4 Calling a Void Method
MOD-1.E.8
Using a null reference to call a method or access an instance variable causes a NullPointerException to be thrown.
  1. 2.4 Calling a Void Method
MOD-1.F
Call non-static void methods with parameters.
  1. 2.5 Calling a Void Method with Parameters
MOD-1.F.1
A method signature for a method with parameters consists of the method name and the ordered list of parameter types.
  1. 2.5 Calling a Void Method with Parameters
MOD-1.F.2
Values provided in the parameter list need to correspond to the order and type in the method signature.
  1. 2.5 Calling a Void Method with Parameters
MOD-1.F.3
Methods are said to be overloaded when there are multiple methods with the same name but a different signature.
  1. 2.5 Calling a Void Method with Parameters
MOD-1.G
Call non-static non-void methods with or without parameters.
  1. 2.6 Calling a Non-void Method
MOD-1.G.1
Non-void methods return a value that is the same type as the return type in the signature. To use the return value when calling a non-void method, it must be stored in a variable or used as part of an expression.
  1. 2.6 Calling a Non-void Method
VAR-1.E
For String class— a. Create String objects b. Call String methods
  1. 2.7 String Objects
  2. 2.8 String Methods
VAR-1.E.1
String objects can be created by using string literals or by calling the String class constructor.
  1. 2.7 String Objects
VAR-1.E.2
String objects are immutable, meaning that String methods do not change the String object.
  1. 2.7 String Objects
VAR-1.E.3
String objects can be concatenated using the + or += operator, resulting in a new String object.
  1. 2.7 String Objects
VAR-1.E.4
Primitive values can be concatenated with a String object. This causes implicit conversion of the values to String objects.
  1. 2.7 String Objects
VAR-1.E.5
Escape sequences start with a \ and have a special meaning in Java. Escape sequences used in this course include \”, \\, and \n.
  1. 2.7 String Objects
VAR-1.E.6
Application program interfaces (APIs) and libraries simplify complex programming tasks.
  1. 2.8 String Methods
VAR-1.E.7
Documentation for APIs and libraries are essential to understanding the attributes and behaviors of an object of a class.
  1. 2.8 String Methods
VAR-1.E.8
Classes in the APIs and libraries are grouped into packages.
  1. 2.8 String Methods
VAR-1.E.9
The String class is part of the java.lang package. Classes in the java.lang package are available by default.
  1. 2.8 String Methods
VAR-1.E.10
A String object has index values from 0 to length – 1. Attempting to access indices outside this range will result in an IndexOutOfBoundsException.
  1. 2.8 String Methods
VAR-1.E.11
A String object can be concatenated with an object reference, which implicitly calls the referenced object’s toString method.
  1. 2.8 String Methods
VAR-1.E.12
The following String methods and constructors—including what they do and when they are used—are part of the Java Quick Reference— ● String(String str) —Constructs a new String object that represents the same sequence of characters as str ● int length()—returns the number of characters in a String object ● String substring(int from, int to)—returns the substring beginning at index from and ending at index to – 1 ● String substring(int from) —returns substring(from, length()) ● int indexOf(String str) —returns the index of the first occurrence of str; returns -1 if not found ● boolean equals(String other) —returns true if this is equal to other; returns false otherwise ● int compareTo(String other) —returns a value < 0 if this is less than other; returns zero if this is equal to other; returns a value > 0 if this is greater than other
  1. 2.8 String Methods
VAR-1.E.13
A string identical to the single element substring at position index can be created by calling substring(index, index + 1).
  1. 2.8 String Methods
VAR-1.F
For wrapper classes— a. Create Integer objects b. Call Integer methods c. Create Double objects d. Call Double methods
  1. 2.9 Wrapper Classes: Integers and Doubles
VAR-1.F.1
The Integer class and Double class are part of the java.lang package.
  1. 2.9 Wrapper Classes: Integers and Doubles
VAR-1.F.2
The following Integer methods and constructors—including what they do and when they are used—are part of the Java Quick Reference— ● Integer(int value) —Constructs a new Integer object that represents the specified int value ● Integer.MIN_VALUE—The minimum value represented by an int or Integer ● Integer.MAX_VALUE—The maximum value represented by an int or Integer ● int intValue()— Returns the value of this Integer as an int
  1. 2.9 Wrapper Classes: Integers and Doubles
VAR-1.F.3
The following Double methods and constructors—including what they do and when they are used—are part of the Java Quick Reference— ● Double(double value) —Constructs a new Double object that represents the specified double value ● double doubleValue()— Returns the value of this Double as a double
  1. 2.9 Wrapper Classes: Integers and Doubles
VAR-1.F.4
Autoboxing is the automatic conversion that the Java compiler makes between primitive types and their corresponding object wrapper classes. This includes converting an int to an Integer and a double to a Double.
  1. 2.9 Wrapper Classes: Integers and Doubles
VAR-1.F.5
The Java compiler applies autoboxing when a primitive value is— ● Passed as a parameter to a method that expects an object of the corresponding wrapper class ● Assigned to a variable of the corresponding wrapper class
  1. 2.9 Wrapper Classes: Integers and Doubles
VAR-1.F.6
Unboxing is the automatic conversion that the Java compiler makes from the wrapper class to the primitive type. This includes converting an Integer to an int and a Double to a double.
  1. 2.9 Wrapper Classes: Integers and Doubles
VAR-1.F.7
The Java compiler applies unboxing when a wrapper class object is— ● Passed as a parameter to a method that expects a value of the corresponding primitive type ● Assigned to a variable of the corresponding primitive type
  1. 2.9 Wrapper Classes: Integers and Doubles
MOD-1.H
Call static methods.
  1. 2.10 Using the Math Class
MOD-1.H.1
Static methods are called using the dot operator along with the class name unless they are defined in the enclosing class.
  1. 2.10 Using the Math Class
CON-1.D
Evaluate expressions that use the Math class methods.
  1. 2.10 Using the Math Class
CON-1.D.1
The Math class is part of the java.lang package.
  1. 2.10 Using the Math Class
CON-1.D.2
The Math class contains only static methods.
  1. 2.10 Using the Math Class
CON-1.D.3
The following static Math methods—including what they do and when they are used—are part of the Java Quick Reference— ● int abs(int x) — Returns the absolute value of an int value ● double abs(double x) — Returns the absolute value of a double value ● double pow(double base, double exponent) — Returns the value of the first parameter raised to the power of the second parameter ● double sqrt(double x) — Returns the positive square root of a double value ● double random()— Returns a double value greater than or equal to 0.0 and less than 1.0
  1. 2.10 Using the Math Class
CON-1.D.4
The values returned from Math.random can be manipulated to produce a random int or double in a defined range.
  1. 2.10 Using the Math Class
CON-1.E
Evaluate Boolean expressions that use relational operators in program code.
  1. 3.1 Boolean Expressions and if Statements
CON-1.E.1
Primitive values and reference values can be compared using relational operators (i.e., == and !=).
  1. 3.1 Boolean Expressions and if Statements
CON-1.E.2
Arithmetic expression values can be compared using relational operators (i.e., <, >, <=, >=).
  1. 3.1 Boolean Expressions and if Statements
CON-1.E.3
An expression involving relational operators evaluates to a Boolean value.
  1. 3.1 Boolean Expressions and if Statements
CON-2.A
Represent branching logical processes by using conditional statements.
  1. 3.2 if Statements and Control Flow
  2. 3.3 if-else Statements
  3. 3.4 else if Statements
CON-2.A.1
Conditional statements interrupt the sequential execution of statements.
  1. 3.2 if Statements and Control Flow
CON-2.A.2
if statements affect the flow of control by executing different statements based on the value of a Boolean expression.
  1. 3.2 if Statements and Control Flow
CON-2.A.3
A one-way selection (if statement) is written when there is a set of statements to execute under a certain condition. In this case, the body is executed only when the Boolean condition is true.
  1. 3.2 if Statements and Control Flow
CON-2.A.4
A two-way selection is written when there are two sets of statements—one to be executed when the Boolean condition is true, and another set for when the Boolean condition is false. In this case, the body of the “if” is executed when the Boolean condition is true, and the body of the “else” is executed when the Boolean condition is false.
  1. 3.3 if-else Statements
CON-2.A.5
A multi-way selection is written when there are a series of conditions with different statements for each condition. Multi-way selection is performed using if-else-if statements such that exactly one section of code is executed based on the first condition that evaluates to true.
  1. 3.4 else if Statements
CON-2.B
Represent branching logical processes by using nested conditional statements.
  1. 3.5 Compound Boolean Expressions
CON-2.B.1
Nested if statements consist of if statements within if statements.
  1. 3.5 Compound Boolean Expressions
CON-1.F
Evaluate compound Boolean expressions in program code.
  1. 3.5 Compound Boolean Expressions
CON-1.F.1
Logical operators !(not), &&(and), and ||(or) are used with Boolean values. This represents the order these operators will be evaluated.
  1. 3.5 Compound Boolean Expressions
CON-1.F.2
An expression involving logical operators evaluates to a Boolean value.
  1. 3.5 Compound Boolean Expressions
CON-1.F.3
When the result of a logical expression using && or || can be determined by evaluating only the first Boolean operand, the second is not evaluated. This is known as short-circuited evaluation.
  1. 3.5 Compound Boolean Expressions
CON-1.G
Compare and contrast equivalent Boolean expressions.
  1. 3.6 Equivalent Boolean Expressions
CON-1.G.1
De Morgan’s Laws can be applied to Boolean expressions.
  1. 3.6 Equivalent Boolean Expressions
CON-1.G.2
Truth tables can be used to prove Boolean identities.
  1. 3.6 Equivalent Boolean Expressions
CON-1.G.3
Equivalent Boolean expressions will evaluate to the same value in all cases.
  1. 3.6 Equivalent Boolean Expressions
CON-1.H
Compare object references using Boolean expressions in program code.
  1. 3.7 Comparing Objects
CON-1.H.1
Two object references are considered aliases when they both reference the same object.
  1. 3.7 Comparing Objects
CON-1.H.2
Object reference values can be compared, using == and !=, to identify aliases.
  1. 3.7 Comparing Objects
CON-1.H.3
A reference value can be compared with null, using == or !=, to determine if the reference actually references an object.
  1. 3.7 Comparing Objects
CON-1.H.4
Often classes have their own equals method, which can be used to determine whether two objects of the class are equivalent.
  1. 3.7 Comparing Objects
CON-2.C
Represent iterative processes using a while loop.
  1. 4.1 Iteration
CON-2.C.1
Iteration statements change the flow of control by repeating a set of statements zero or more times until a condition is met.
  1. 4.1 Iteration
CON-2.C.2
In loops, the Boolean expression is evaluated before each iteration of the loop body, including the first. When the expression evaluates to true, the loop body is executed. This continues until the expression evaluates to false, whereupon the iteration ceases.
  1. 4.1 Iteration
CON-2.C.3
A loop is an infinite loop when the Boolean expression always evaluates to true.
  1. 4.1 Iteration
CON-2.C.4
If the Boolean expression evaluates to false initially, the loop body is not executed at all.
  1. 4.1 Iteration
CON-2.C.5
Executing a return statement inside an iteration statement will halt the loop and exit the method or constructor.
  1. 4.1 Iteration
CON-2.D
For algorithms in the context of a particular specification that does not require the use of traversals— a. Identify standard algorithms b. Modify standard algorithms c. Develop an algorithm
  1. 4.1 Iteration
CON-2.D.1
There are standard algorithms to— ● Identify if an integer is or is not evenly divisible by another integer ● Identify the individual digits in an integer ● Determine the frequency with which a specific criterion is met
  1. 4.1 Iteration
CON-2.D.2
There are standard algorithms to— ● Determine a minimum or maximum value ● Compute a sum, average or mode
  1. 4.1 Iteration
CON-2.E
Represent iterative processes using a for loop.
  1. 4.2 For Loops
CON-2.E.1
There are three parts in a for loop header—the initialization, the Boolean expression, and the increment. The increment statement can also be a decrement statement.
  1. 4.2 For Loops
CON-2.E.2
In a for loop, the initialization statement is only executed once before the first Boolean expression evaluation. The variable being initialized is referred to as a loop control variable.
  1. 4.2 For Loops
CON-2.E.3
In each iteration of a for loop, the increment statement is executed after the entire loop body is executed and before the Boolean expression is evaluated again.
  1. 4.2 For Loops
CON-2.E.4
A for loop can be rewritten into an equivalent while loop and vice versa.
  1. 4.2 For Loops
CON-2.E.5
“Off by one” errors occur when the iteration statement loops one time too many or one time too few.
  1. 4.2 For Loops
CON-2.F
For algorithms in the context of a particular specification that involves String objects— a. Identify standard algorithms b. Modify standard algorithms c. Develop an algorithm
  1. 4.3 Developing Algorithms Using Strings
CON-2.F.1
There are standard algorithms that utilize String traversals to— ● Find if one or more substrings has a particular property ● Determine the number of substrings that meet specific criteria ● Create a new string with the characters reversed
  1. 4.3 Developing Algorithms Using Strings
CON-2.G
Represent nested iterative processes.
  1. 4.4 Nested Iteration
CON-2.G.1
Nested iteration statements are iteration statements that appear in the body of another iteration statement.
  1. 4.4 Nested Iteration
CON-2.G.2
When a loop is nested inside another loop, the inner loop must complete all its iterations before the outer loop can continue.
  1. 4.4 Nested Iteration
CON-2.H
Compute statement execution counts and informal run-time comparison of iterative statements.
  1. 4.5 Informal Code Analysis
CON-2.H.1
A statement execution count indicates the number of times a statement is executed by the program.
  1. 4.5 Informal Code Analysis
MOD-2.A
Designate access and visibility constraints to classes, data, constructors, and methods.
  1. 5.1 Writing Classes
MOD-2.A.1
The keywords public and private affect the access of classes, data, constructors, and methods.
  1. 5.1 Writing Classes
MOD-2.A.2
The keyword private restricts access to the declaring class, while the keyword public allows access from classes outside the declaring class.
  1. 5.1 Writing Classes
MOD-2.A.3
Classes are designated public.
  1. 5.1 Writing Classes
MOD-2.A.4
Access to attributes should be kept internal to the class. Therefore, instance variables are designated as private.
  1. 5.1 Writing Classes
MOD-2.A.5
Constructors are designated public.
  1. 5.1 Writing Classes
MOD-2.A.6
Access to behaviors can be internal or external to the class. Therefore, methods can be designated as either public or private.
  1. 5.1 Writing Classes
MOD-3.A
Designate private visibility of instance variables to encapsulate the attributes of an object.
  1. 5.1 Writing Classes
MOD-3.A.1
Data encapsulation is a technique in which the implementation details of a class are kept hidden from the user.
  1. 5.1 Writing Classes
MOD-3.A.2
When designing a class, programmers make decisions about what data to make accessible and modifiable from an external class. Data can be either accessible or modifiable, or it can be both or neither.
  1. 5.1 Writing Classes
MOD-3.A.3
Instance variables are encapsulated by using the private access modifier.
  1. 5.1 Writing Classes
MOD-3.A.4
The provided accessor and mutator methods in a class allow client code to use and modify data.
  1. 5.1 Writing Classes
MOD-2.B
Define instance variables for the attributes to be initialized through the constructors of a class.
  1. 5.2 Constructors
MOD-2.B.1
An object’s state refers to its attributes and their values at a given time and is defined by instance variables belonging to the object. This creates a “has-a” relationship between the object and its instance variables.
  1. 5.2 Constructors
MOD-2.B.2
Constructors are used to set the initial state of an object, which should include initial values for all instance variables.
  1. 5.2 Constructors
MOD-2.B.3
Constructor parameters are local variables to the constructor and provide data to initialize instance variables.
  1. 5.2 Constructors
MOD-2.B.4
When a mutable object is a constructor parameter, the instance variable should be initialized with a copy of the referenced object. In this way, the instance variable is not an alias of the original object, and methods are prevented from modifying the state of the original object.
  1. 5.2 Constructors
MOD-2.B.5
When no constructor is written, Java provides a no-argument constructor, and the instance variables are set to default values.
  1. 5.2 Constructors
MOD-2.C
Describe the functionality and use of program code through comments.
  1. 5.3 Documentation with Comments
MOD-2.C.1
Comments are ignored by the compiler and are not executed when the program is run.
  1. 5.3 Documentation with Comments
MOD-2.C.2
Three types of comments in Java include /* */, which generates a block of comments, //, which generates a comment on one line, and /** */, which are Javadoc comments and are used to create API documentation.
  1. 5.3 Documentation with Comments
MOD-2.C.3
A precondition is a condition that must be true just prior to the execution of a section of program code in order for the method to behave as expected. There is no expectation that the method will check to ensure preconditions are satisfied.
  1. 5.3 Documentation with Comments
MOD-2.C.4
A postcondition is a condition that must always be true after the execution of a section of program code. Postconditions describe the outcome of the execution in terms of what is being returned or the state of an object.
  1. 5.3 Documentation with Comments
MOD-2.C.5
Programmers write method code to satisfy the postconditions when preconditions are met.
  1. 5.3 Documentation with Comments
MOD-2.D
Define behaviors of an object through non-void methods without parameters written in a class.
  1. 5.4 Accessor Methods
MOD-2.D.1
An accessor method allows other objects to obtain the value of instance variables or static variables.
  1. 5.4 Accessor Methods
MOD-2.D.2
A non-void method returns a single value. Its header includes the return type in place of the keyword void.
  1. 5.4 Accessor Methods
MOD-2.D.3
In non-void methods, a return expression compatible with the return type is evaluated, and a copy of that value is returned. This is referred to as “return by value.”
  1. 5.4 Accessor Methods
MOD-2.D.4
When the return expression is a reference to an object, a copy of that reference is returned, not a copy of the object.
  1. 5.4 Accessor Methods
MOD-2.D.5
The return keyword is used to return the flow of control to the point immediately following where the method or constructor was called.
  1. 5.4 Accessor Methods
MOD-2.D.6
The toString method is an overridden method that is included in classes to provide a description of a specific object. It generally includes what values are stored in the instance data of the object.
  1. 5.4 Accessor Methods
MOD-2.D.7
If System.out.print or System.out.println is passed an object, that object’s toString method is called, and the returned string is printed.
  1. 5.4 Accessor Methods
MOD-2.E
Define behaviors of an object through void methods with or without parameters written in a class.
  1. 5.5 Mutator Methods
MOD-2.E.1
A void method does not return a value. Its header contains the keyword void before the method name.
  1. 5.5 Mutator Methods
MOD-2.E.2
A mutator (modifier) method is often a void method that changes the values of instance variables or static variables.
  1. 5.5 Mutator Methods
MOD-2.F
Define behaviors of an object through non-void methods with parameters written in a class.
  1. 5.6 Writing Methods
MOD-2.F.1
Methods can only access the private data and methods of a parameter that is a reference to an object when the parameter is the same type as the method’s enclosing class.
  1. 5.6 Writing Methods
MOD-2.F.2
Non-void methods with parameters receive values through parameters, use those values, and return a computed value of the specified type.
  1. 5.6 Writing Methods
MOD-2.F.3
It is good programming practice to not modify mutable objects that are passed as parameters unless required in the specification.
  1. 5.6 Writing Methods
MOD-2.F.4
When an actual parameter is a primitive value, the formal parameter is initialized with a copy of that value. Changes to the formal parameter have no effect on the corresponding actual parameter.
  1. 5.6 Writing Methods
MOD-2.F.5
When an actual parameter is a reference to an object, the formal parameter is initialized with a copy of that reference, not a copy of the object. If the reference is to a mutable object, the method or constructor can use this reference to alter the state of the object.
  1. 5.6 Writing Methods
MOD-2.F.6
Passing a reference parameter results in the formal parameter and the actual parameter being aliases. They both refer to the same object.
  1. 5.6 Writing Methods
MOD-2.G
Define behaviors of a class through static methods.
  1. 5.7 Static Variables and Methods
MOD-2.G.1
Static methods are associated with the class, not objects of the class.
  1. 5.7 Static Variables and Methods
MOD-2.G.2
Static methods include the keyword static in the header before the method name.
  1. 5.7 Static Variables and Methods
MOD-2.G.3
Static methods cannot access or change the values of instance variables.
  1. 5.7 Static Variables and Methods
MOD-2.G.4
Static methods can access or change the values of static variables.
  1. 5.7 Static Variables and Methods
MOD-2.G.5
Static methods do not have a this reference and are unable to use the class’s instance variables or call non-static methods.
  1. 5.7 Static Variables and Methods
MOD-2.H
Define the static variables that belong to the class.
  1. 5.7 Static Variables and Methods
MOD-2.H.1
Static variables belong to the class, with all objects of a class sharing a single static variable.
  1. 5.7 Static Variables and Methods
MOD-2.H.2
Static variables can be designated as either public or private and are designated with the static keyword before the variable type.
  1. 5.7 Static Variables and Methods
MOD-2.H.3
Static variables are used with the class name and the dot operator, since they are associated with a class, not objects of a class.
  1. 5.7 Static Variables and Methods
VAR-1.G
Explain where variables can be used in the program code.
  1. 5.8 Scope and Access
VAR-1.G.1
Local variables can be declared in the body of constructors and methods. These variables may only be used within the constructor or method and cannot be declared to be public or private.
  1. 5.8 Scope and Access
VAR-1.G.2
When there is a local variable with the same name as an instance variable, the variable name will refer to the local variable instead of the instance variable.
  1. 5.8 Scope and Access
VAR-1.G.3
Formal parameters and variables declared in a method or constructor can only be used within that method or constructor.
  1. 5.8 Scope and Access
VAR-1.G.4
Through method decomposition, a programmer breaks down a large problem into smaller subproblems by creating methods to solve each individual subproblem.
  1. 5.8 Scope and Access
VAR-1.H
Evaluate object reference expressions that use the keyword this.
  1. 5.9 this Keyword
VAR-1.H.1
Within a non-static method or a constructor, the keyword this is a reference to the current object—the object whose method or constructor is being called.
  1. 5.9 this Keyword
VAR-1.H.2
The keyword this can be used to pass the current object as an actual parameter in a method call.
  1. 5.9 this Keyword
IOC-1.A
Explain the ethical and social implications of computing systems.
  1. 5.10 Ethical and Social Implications of Computing
IOC-1.A.1
System reliability is limited. Programmers should make an effort to maximize system reliability.
  1. 5.10 Ethical and Social Implications of Computing
IOC-1.A.2
Legal issues and intellectual property concerns arise when creating programs.
  1. 5.10 Ethical and Social Implications of Computing
IOC-1.A.3
The creation of programs has impacts on society, economies, and culture. These impacts can be beneficial and/or harmful.
  1. 5.10 Ethical and Social Implications of Computing
VAR-2.A
Represent collections of related primitive or object reference data using one-dimensional (1D) array objects.
  1. 6.1 Array
VAR-2.A.1
The use of array objects allows multiple related items to be represented using a single variable.
  1. 6.1 Array
VAR-2.A.2
The size of an array is established at the time of creation and cannot be changed.
  1. 6.1 Array
VAR-2.A.3
Arrays can store either primitive data or object reference data.
  1. 6.1 Array
VAR-2.A.4
When an array is created using the keyword new, all of its elements are initialized with a specific value based on the type of elements— ● Elements of type int are initialized to 0 ● Elements of type double are initialized to 0.0 ● Elements of type boolean are initialized to false ● Elements of a reference type are initialized to the reference value null. No objects are automatically created
  1. 6.1 Array
VAR-2.A.5
Initializer lists can be used to create and initialize arrays.
  1. 6.1 Array
VAR-2.A.6
Square brackets ([ ]) are used to access and modify an element in a 1D array using an index.
  1. 6.1 Array
VAR-2.A.7
The valid index values for an array are 0 through one less than the number of elements in the array, inclusive. Using an index value outside of this range will result in an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException being thrown.
  1. 6.1 Array
VAR-2.B
Traverse the elements in a 1D array.
  1. 6.2 Traversing Arrays
VAR-2.B.1
Iteration statements can be used to access all the elements in an array. This is called traversing the array.
  1. 6.2 Traversing Arrays
VAR-2.B.2
Traversing an array with an indexed for loop or while loop requires elements to be accessed using their indices.
  1. 6.2 Traversing Arrays
VAR-2.B.3
Since the indices for an array start at 0 and end at the number of elements - 1, “off by one” errors are easy to make when traversing an array, resulting in an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException being thrown.
  1. 6.2 Traversing Arrays
VAR-2.C
Traverse the elements in a 1D array object using an enhanced for loop.
  1. 6.3 Enhanced for Loop for Arrays
VAR-2.C.1
An enhanced for loop header includes a variable, referred to as the enhanced for loop variable.
  1. 6.3 Enhanced for Loop for Arrays
VAR-2.C.2
For each iteration of the enhanced for loop, the enhanced for loop variable is assigned a copy of an element without using its index.
  1. 6.3 Enhanced for Loop for Arrays
VAR-2.C.3
Assigning a new value to the enhanced for loop variable does not change the value stored in the array.
  1. 6.3 Enhanced for Loop for Arrays
VAR-2.C.4
Program code written using an enhanced for loop to traverse and access elements in an array can be rewritten using an indexed for loop or a while loop.
  1. 6.3 Enhanced for Loop for Arrays
CON-2.I
For algorithms in the context of a particular specification that requires the use of array traversals— a. Identify standard algorithms b. Modify standard algorithms c. Develop an algorithm
  1. 6.4 Developing Algorithms Using Arrays
CON-2.I.1
There are standard algorithms that utilize array traversals to— ● Determine a minimum or maximum value ● Compute a sum, average, or mode ● Determine if at least one element has a particular property ● Determine if all elements have a particular property ● Access all consecutive pairs of elements ● Determine the presence or absence of duplicate elements ● Determine the number of elements meeting specific criteria
  1. 6.4 Developing Algorithms Using Arrays
CON-2.I.2
There are standard array algorithms that utilize traversals to— ● Shift or rotate elements left or right ● Reverse the order of the elements
  1. 6.4 Developing Algorithms Using Arrays
VAR-2.D
Represent collections of related object reference data using ArrayList objects.
  1. 7.1 ArrayList
  2. 7.2 ArrayList Methods
VAR-2.D.1
An ArrayList object is mutable and contains object references.
  1. 7.1 ArrayList
VAR-2.D.2
The ArrayList constructor ArrayList() constructs an empty list.
  1. 7.1 ArrayList
VAR-2.D.3
Java allows the generic type ArrayList<E>, where the generic type E specifies the type of the elements.
  1. 7.1 ArrayList
VAR-2.D.4
When ArrayList<E> is specified, the types of the reference parameters and return type when using the methods are type E.
  1. 7.1 ArrayList
VAR-2.D.5
ArrayList<E> is preferred over ArrayList because it allows the compiler to find errors that would otherwise be found at run-time.
  1. 7.1 ArrayList
VAR-2.D.6
The ArrayList class is part of the java.util package. An import statement can be used to make this class available for use in the program.
  1. 7.2 ArrayList Methods
VAR-2.D.7
The following ArrayList methods—including what they do and when they are used—are part of the Java Quick Reference— ● int size()- Returns the number of elements in the list ● int size()- Returns the number of elements in the list ● void add(int index, E obj) - Inserts obj at position index (0 <= index <= size), moving elements at position index and higher to the right (adds 1 to their indices) and adds 1 to size ● E get(int index) - Returns the element at position index in the list ● E set(int index, E obj)— Replaces the element at position index with obj; returns the element formerly at position index ● E remove(int index)— Removes element from position index, moving elements at position index + 1 and higher to the left (subtracts 1 from their indices) and subtracts 1 from size; returns the element formerly at position index
  1. 7.2 ArrayList Methods
VAR-2.E
For ArrayList objects – a. Traverse using a for or while loop b. Traverse using an enhanced for loop
  1. 7.3 Traversing ArrayLists
VAR-2.E.1
Iteration statements can be used to access all the elements in an ArrayList. This is called traversing the ArrayList.
  1. 7.3 Traversing ArrayLists
VAR-2.E.2
Deleting elements during a traversal of an ArrayList requires using special techniques to avoid skipping elements.
  1. 7.3 Traversing ArrayLists
VAR-2.E.3
Since the indices for an ArrayList start at 0 and end at the number of elements - 1, accessing an index value outside of this range will result in an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException being thrown.
  1. 7.3 Traversing ArrayLists
VAR-2.E.4
Changing the size of an ArrayList while traversing it using an enhanced for loop can result in a ConcurrentModifcationException being thrown. Therefore, when using an enhanced for loop to traverse an ArrayList, you should not add or remove elements.
  1. 7.3 Traversing ArrayLists
CON-2.J
For algorithms in the context of a particular specification that requires the use of ArrayList traversals— a. Identify standard algorithms b. Modify standard algorithms c. Develop an algorithm
  1. 7.4 Developing Algorithms using ArrayLists
CON-2.J.1
There are standard ArrayList algorithms that utilize traversals to— ● Insert elements ● Delete elements ● Apply the same standard algorithms that are used with 1D arrays
  1. 7.4 Developing Algorithms using ArrayLists
CON-2.J.2
Some algorithms require multiple String, array, or ArrayList objects to be traversed simultaneously.
  1. 7.4 Developing Algorithms using ArrayLists
CON-2.K
Apply sequential/linear search algorithms to search for specific information in array or ArrayList objects.
  1. 7.5 Searching
CON-2.K.1
There are standard algorithms for searching.
  1. 7.5 Searching
CON-2.K.2
Sequential/linear search algorithms check each element in order until the desired value is found or all elements in the array or ArrayList have been checked.
  1. 7.5 Searching
CON-2.L
Apply selection sort and insertion sort algorithms to sort the elements of array or ArrayList objects.
  1. 7.6 Sorting
CON-2.L.1
Selection sort and insertion sort are iterative sorting algorithms that can be used to sort elements in an array or ArrayList.
  1. 7.6 Sorting
CON-2.M
Compute statement execution counts and informal run-time comparison of sorting algorithms.
  1. 7.6 Sorting
CON-2.M.1
Informal run-time comparisons of program code segments can be made using statement execution counts.
  1. 7.6 Sorting
IOC-1.B
Explain the risks to privacy from collecting and storing personal data on computer systems.
  1. 7.7 Ethical Issues Around Data Collection
IOC-1.B.1
When using the computer, personal privacy is at risk. Programmers should attempt to safeguard personal privacy.
  1. 7.7 Ethical Issues Around Data Collection
IOC-1.B.2
Computer use and the creation of programs have an impact on personal security. These impacts can be beneficial and/or harmful.
  1. 7.7 Ethical Issues Around Data Collection
VAR-2.F
Represent collections of related primitive or object reference data using two-dimensional (2D) array objects.
  1. 8.1 2D Arrays
VAR-2.F.1
2D arrays are stored as arrays of arrays. Therefore, the way 2D arrays are created and indexed is similar to 1D array objects.EXCLUSION STATEMENT (EK VAR-2.F.1)—2D array objects that are not rectangular are outside the scope of the course and AP Exam.
  1. 8.1 2D Arrays
VAR-2.F.2
For the purposes of the exam, when accessing the element at arr[first][second], the first index is used for rows, the second index is used for columns.
  1. 8.1 2D Arrays
VAR-2.F.3
The initializer list used to create and initialize a 2D array consists of initializer lists that represent 1D arrays.
  1. 8.1 2D Arrays
VAR-2.F.4
The square brackets [row][col] are used to access and modify an element in a 2D array.
  1. 8.1 2D Arrays
VAR-2.F.5
“Row-major order” refers to an ordering of 2D array elements where traversal occurs across each row, while “column-major order” traversal occurs down each column.
  1. 8.1 2D Arrays
VAR-2.G
For 2D array objects— a. Traverse using nested for loops b. Traverse using nested enhanced for loops
  1. 8.2 Traversing 2D Arrays
VAR-2.G.1
Nested iteration statements are used to traverse and access all elements in a 2D array. Since 2D arrays are stored as arrays of arrays, the way 2D arrays are traversed using for loops and enhanced for loops is similar to 1D array objects.
  1. 8.2 Traversing 2D Arrays
VAR-2.G.2
Nested iteration statements can be written to traverse the 2D array in “row-major order” or “column-major order.”
  1. 8.2 Traversing 2D Arrays
VAR-2.G.3
The outer loop of a nested enhanced for loop used to traverse a 2D array traverses the rows. Therefore, the enhanced for loop variable must be the type of each row, which is a 1D array. The inner loop traverses a single row. Therefore, the inner enhanced for loop variable must be the same type as the elements stored in the 1D array.
  1. 8.2 Traversing 2D Arrays
CON-2.N
For algorithms in the context of a particular specification that requires the use of 2D array traversals— a. Identify standard algorithms b. Modify standard algorithmsc. Develop an algorithm
  1. 8.2 Traversing 2D Arrays
CON-2.N.1
When applying sequential / linear search algorithms to 2D arrays, each row must be accessed then sequential/linear search applied to each row of a 2D array.
  1. 8.2 Traversing 2D Arrays
CON-2.N.2
All standard 1D array algorithms can be applied to 2D array objects.
  1. 8.2 Traversing 2D Arrays
MOD-3.B
Create an inheritance relationship from a subclass to the superclass.
  1. 9.1 Inheritance
  2. 9.2 Writing Constructors for Subclasses
  3. 9.3 Overriding Methods
  4. 9.4 super Keyword
MOD-3.B.1
A class hierarchy can be developed by putting common attributes and behaviors of related classes into a single class called a superclass.
  1. 9.1 Inheritance
MOD-3.B.2
Classes that extend a superclass, called subclasses, can draw upon the existing attributes and behaviors of the superclass without repeating these in the code.
  1. 9.1 Inheritance
MOD-3.B.3
Extending a subclass from a superclass creates an “is-a” relationship from the subclass to the superclass.
  1. 9.1 Inheritance
  2. 9.3 Overriding Methods
MOD-3.B.4
The keyword extends is used to establish an inheritance relationship between a subclass and a superclass. A class can extend only one superclass.
  1. 9.1 Inheritance
MOD-3.B.5
Constructors are not inherited.
  1. 9.2 Writing Constructors for Subclasses
MOD-3.B.6
The superclass constructor can be called from the first line of a subclass constructor by using the keyword super and passing appropriate parameters.
  1. 9.2 Writing Constructors for Subclasses
MOD-3.B.7
The actual parameters passed in the call to the superclass constructor provide values that the constructor can use to initialize the object’s instance variables.
  1. 9.2 Writing Constructors for Subclasses
MOD-3.B.8
When a subclass’s constructor does not explicitly call a superclass’s constructor using super, Java inserts a call to the superclass’s no-argument constructor.
  1. 9.2 Writing Constructors for Subclasses
MOD-3.B.9
Regardless of whether the superclass constructor is called implicitly or explicitly, the process of calling superclass constructors continues until the Object constructor is called. At this point, all of the constructors within the hierarchy execute beginning with the Object constructor.
  1. 9.2 Writing Constructors for Subclasses
MOD-3.B.10
Method overriding occurs when a public method in a subclass has the same method signature as a public method in the superclass.
  1. 9.3 Overriding Methods
MOD-3.B.11
Any method that is called must be defined within its own class or its superclass.
  1. 9.3 Overriding Methods
MOD-3.B.12
A subclass is usually designed to have modified (overridden) or additional methods or instance variables.
  1. 9.3 Overriding Methods
MOD-3.B.13
A subclass will inherit all public methods from the superclass; these methods remain public in the subclass.
  1. 9.3 Overriding Methods
MOD-3.B.14
The keyword super can be used to call a superclass’s constructors and methods.
  1. 9.4 super Keyword
MOD-3.B.15
The superclass method can be called in a subclass by using the keyword super with the method name and passing appropriate parameters.
  1. 9.4 super Keyword
MOD-3.C
Define reference variables of a superclass to be assigned to an object of a subclass in the same hierarchy.
  1. 9.5 Creating References Using Inheritance
MOD-3.C.1
When a class S “is-a” class T, T is referred to as a superclass, and S is referred to as a subclass.
  1. 9.5 Creating References Using Inheritance
MOD-3.C.2
If S is a subclass of T, then assigning an object of type S to a reference of type T facilitates polymorphism.
  1. 9.5 Creating References Using Inheritance
MOD-3.C.3
If S is a subclass of T, then a reference of type T can be used to refer to an object of type T or S.
  1. 9.5 Creating References Using Inheritance
MOD-3.C.4
Declaring references of type T, when S is a subclass of T, is useful in the following declarations— ● Formal method parameters ●     arrays — T[] var ArrayList<T> var
  1. 9.5 Creating References Using Inheritance
MOD-3.D
Call methods in an inheritance relationship
  1. 9.6 Polymorphism
MOD-3.D.1
Utilize the Object class through inheritance.
  1. 9.6 Polymorphism
MOD-3.D.2
At compile time, methods in or inherited by the declared type determine the correctness of a non-static method call.
  1. 9.6 Polymorphism
MOD-3.D.3
At run-time, the method in the actual object type is executed for a non-static method call.
  1. 9.6 Polymorphism
MOD-3.E
Call Object class methods through inheritance.
  1. 9.7 Object Superclass
MOD-3.E.1
The Object class is the superclass of all other classes in Java.
  1. 9.7 Object Superclass
MOD-3.E.2
The Object class is part of the java.lang package.
  1. 9.7 Object Superclass
MOD-3.E.3
The following Object class methods and constructors—including what they do and when they are used—are part of the Java Quick Reference— ● boolean equals(Object other) ● boolean equals(Object other)
  1. 9.7 Object Superclass
MOD-3.E.4
Subclasses of an Object often override the equals and toString methods in class-specific implementations
  1. 9.7 Object Superclass
CON-2.O
Determine the result of executing recursive methods
  1. 10.1 Recursion
CON-2.O.1
A recursive method is a method that calls itself.
  1. 10.1 Recursion
CON-2.O.2
Recursive methods contain at least one base case, which halts the recursion, and at least one recursive call.
  1. 10.1 Recursion
CON-2.O.3
Each recursive call has its own set of local variables, including the formal parameters.
  1. 10.1 Recursion
CON-2.O.4
Parameter values capture the progress of a recursive process, much like loop control variable values capture the progress of a loop.
  1. 10.1 Recursion
CON-2.O.5
Any recursive solution can be replicated through the use of an iterative approach. EXCLUSION STATEMENT(EK CON-2.O.5)—Writing recursive program code is outside the scope of the course and AP Exam.
  1. 10.1 Recursion
CON-2.O.6
Recursion can be used to traverse String, array, and ArrayList objects.
  1. 10.1 Recursion
CON-2.P
Apply recursive search algorithms to information in String, 1D array, or ArrayList objects.
  1. 10.2 Recursive Searching
CON-2.P.1
Data must be in sorted order to use the binary search algorithm.
  1. 10.2 Recursive Searching
CON-2.P.2
The binary search algorithm starts at the middle of a sorted array or ArrayList and eliminates half of the array or ArrayList in each iteration until the desired value is found or all elements have been eliminated.
  1. 10.2 Recursive Searching
CON-2.P.3
Binary search can be more efficient than sequential / linear search.EXCLUSION STATEMENT(EK CON-2.P.3)—Search algorithms other than sequential/linear and binary search are outside the scope of the course and AP Exam
  1. 10.2 Recursive Searching
CON-2.P.4
The binary search algorithm can be written either iteratively or recursively.
  1. 10.2 Recursive Searching
CON-2.Q
Apply recursive algorithms to sort elements of array or ArrayList objects.
  1. 10.3 Recursive Sorting
CON-2.Q.1
Merge sort is a recursive sorting algorithm that can be used to sort elements in an array or ArrayList.
  1. 10.3 Recursive Sorting