Students learn how devices like computers, phones, and IoT devices store and process data, and how adversaries target them. They explore device vulnerabilities and types of malware, then study how authentication verifies user identity and how adversaries attempt to impersonate legitimate users. Students learn why hashing is used to store passwords and how to configure secure login settings. They also examine how anti-malware software, software updates, and host-based firewalls protect devices, and how to analyze log files for indicators of compromise.